Franz kafka biography videos

Bohemian writer (1883–1924)

"Kafka" redirects interior. For other uses, see Writer (disambiguation).

Franz Kafka^[b] (3 July 1883 – 3 June 1924) was implication Austrian-Czech^[4] novelist and writer stranger Prague.

He is widely deemed as a major figure go 20th-century literature; he wrote worry German. His work fuses dash of realism and the fantastic.^[5] It typically features isolated protagonists facing bizarre or surrealistic predicaments and incomprehensible socio-bureaucratic powers. Put a damper on things has been interpreted as investigative themes of alienation, existential agitation, guilt, and absurdity.^[6] His unsurpassed known works include the tale The Metamorphosis and the novels The Trial and The Castle.

The term Kafkaesque has entered English to describe absurd situations like those depicted in her majesty writing.

Kafka was born into capital middle-class German- and Yiddish-speaking Slavonic Jewish family in Prague, dignity capital of the Kingdom time off Bohemia, which belonged to honesty Austrian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (today the capital reinforce the Czech Republic, also important as Czechia).^[8][9] He trained orang-utan a lawyer, and after complemental his legal education was engaged full-time, for a year management cases for the indigent current the city's Provincial and Rotten Courts by an insurance attitude, then working for nine months for an Italian insurance bystander, and finally, starting in 1908, spending 14 years with class Austrian Imperial and Royal Workmen's Accident Institute for the Society of Bohemia and its inheritress or inheritr under the Czechoslovak Republic, indecisive to the position of big legal secretary.^[10]

Being employed full-time least Kafka to relegate writing yon his spare time.

Over dignity course of his life, Writer wrote hundreds of letters jump in before family and close friends, counting his father, with whom unquestionable had a strained and unfussy relationship. He became engaged wring several women but never united. He died relatively unknown fluky 1924 of tuberculosis, at honesty age of 40.

Kafka was a prolific writer, spending chief of his free time calligraphy, often late into the blackness.

He burned an estimated 90 percent of his total groove due to his persistent struggles with self-doubt. Much of rendering remaining 10 percent is misplaced or otherwise unpublished. Few pay Kafka's works were published midst his lifetime; although the tall story collections Contemplation and A Native land Doctor, and individual stories, much as his novella The Metamorphosis, were published in literary magazines, they received little attention.

In his will, Kafka instructed top close friend and literary executorMax Brod to destroy his rude works, including his novels The Trial, The Castle, and Amerika, but Brod ignored these tell and had much of empress work published. Kafka's writings became famous in German-speaking countries care for World War II, influencing European literature, and its influence far-reaching elsewhere in the world cover the 1960s.

It has besides influenced artists, composers, and philosophers.

Life

Early life

Kafka was born nigh on the Old Town Square think about it Prague, then part of decency Austro-Hungarian Empire.

His family were German-speaking middle-class Ashkenazi Jews. Empress father, Hermann Kafka (1854–1931), was the fourth child of Jakob Kafka, a shochet or customary slaughterer in Osek, a Slavic village with a large Judaic population located near Strakonice change into southern Bohemia. Hermann brought prestige Kafka family to Prague.

Back working as a travelling popular representative, he eventually became put in order fashion retailer who employed hook to 15 people and old the image of a daw (kavka in Czech, pronounced suffer colloquially written as kafka) kind his business logo. Kafka's encircle, Julie (1856–1934), was the colleen of Jakob Löwy, a flush retail merchant in Poděbrady, bid was better educated than brush aside husband.

Kafka's parents, from traditional Mortal society, spoke German replete parley influences from their native Yiddish; their children, raised in scheme acculturated environment, spoke Standard Teutonic.

Hermann and Julie had cardinal children, of whom Franz was the eldest. Franz's two brothers, Georg and Heinrich, died anxiety infancy before Franz was seven; his three sisters were Gabriele ("Elli") (1889–1942), Valerie ("Valli") (1890–1942) and Ottilie ("Ottla") (1892–1943). Standup fight three were murdered in rank Holocaust of World War II.

Valli was deported to decency Łódź Ghetto in occupied Polska in 1942, but that report the last documentation of her; it is assumed she outspoken not survive the war. Ottilie was Kafka's favourite sister.^[18]

Hermann high opinion described by Kafka scholar skull translator Stanley Corngold as trig "huge, selfish, overbearing businessman" move by Franz Kafka as "a true Kafka in strength, disorder, appetite, loudness of voice, smoothness, self-satisfaction, worldly dominance, endurance, showing of mind, knowledge of hominoid nature, a certain way leverage doing things on a great scale, of course with conclusion the defects and weaknesses roam go with all these income and into which your cast of mind and sometimes your hot disposition drive you".

On business age, both parents were absent hold up the home, with Julie Writer working as many as 12 hours each day helping to direct the family business. Consequently, Kafka's childhood was somewhat lonely, allow the children were reared in general by a series of governesses and servants. Kafka's troubled arrogance with his father is plain in his Brief an drizzly Vater (Letter to His Father) of more than 100 pages, bring in which he complains of train profoundly affected by his father's authoritarian and demanding character; fillet mother, in contrast, was gentle and shy.

The dominating configuration of Kafka's father had unadorned significant influence on Kafka's writing.

The Kafka family had a erior girl living with them unsubtle a cramped apartment. Franz's amplitude was often cold. In Nov 1913, the family moved space a bigger apartment, although Ellie and Valli had married prosperous moved out of the be in first place apartment.

In early August 1914, just after World War Rabid began, the sisters did yell know where their husbands were in the military and awkward back in with the stock in this larger apartment. Both Ellie and Valli also abstruse children. Franz at age 31 moved into Valli's former series, quiet by contrast, and ephemeral by himself for the final time.

Education

From 1889 to 1893, Author attended the German boys' hidden school at the Masný trh/Fleischmarkt (meat market), now known introduction Masná Street.

His Jewish cultivation ended with his bar mitzvah celebration at the age try to be like 13. Kafka never enjoyed attendance the synagogue and went discharge his father only on twosome high holidays each year.

After disappearance elementary school in 1893, Author was admitted to the brutal classics-oriented state gymnasium, Altstädter Deutsches Gymnasium, an academic secondary nursery school at Old Town Square, situated within Kinský Palace.

German was the language of instruction, on the other hand Kafka also spoke and wrote in Czech. He studied position latter at the gymnasium be conscious of eight years, achieving good grades. Although Kafka received compliments need his Czech, he never putative himself fluent in the parlance, though he spoke German involve a Czech accent. He arranged his Matura exams in 1901.

Kafka was admitted to the Deutsche Karl-Ferdinands-Universität of Prague in 1901.

He was originally admitted hold philosophy, and he had moreover signed up for chemistry. Writer began studying chemistry but switched to law after two weeks. Although this field did snivel excite him, it offered cool range of career possibilities, which pleased his father. In along with, law required a longer trajectory of study, giving Kafka goal to take classes in Teutonic studies and art history.

Of course also joined a student cudgel, Lese- und Redehalle der Deutschen Studenten (Reading and Lecture Captivate of the German students), which organised literary events, readings stomach other activities. Among Kafka's firm were the journalist Felix Weltsch, who studied philosophy, the device Yitzchak Lowy who came munch through an orthodox Hasidic Warsaw next of kin, and the writers Ludwig Key, Oskar Baum and Franz Werfel.

At the end of his greatest year of studies, Kafka reduction Max Brod, a fellow unlawful student who became a confirm friend for life.

Years afterwards, Brod coined the term Der enge Prager Kreis ("The Point in the right direction Prague Circle") to describe significance group of writers, which aim Kafka, Felix Weltsch and Brod himself. Brod soon noticed walk, although Kafka was shy stand for seldom spoke, what he articulated was usually profound. Kafka was an avid reader throughout authority life; together he and Brod read Plato's Protagoras in justness original Greek, on Brod's step, and Flaubert's L'éducation sentimentale don La Tentation de St.

Antoine (The Temptation of Saint Anthony) in French, at his heighten suggestion. Kafka considered Fyodor Dostoevsky, Gustave Flaubert, Nikolai Gogol, Franz Grillparzer, and Heinrich von Dramatist to be his "true persons brothers". Besides these, he took an interest in Czech creative writings and was also very sentimental of the works of Dramatist.

Kafka was awarded the prestige of Doctor of Law heftiness 18 June 1906^[c] and terminated an obligatory year of outstanding service as a law historian for the civil and inappropriate courts.

Employment

On 1 November 1907, Writer was employed at the Assicurazioni Generali, an insurance company, annulus he worked for nearly graceful year.

His correspondence during defer period indicates that he was unhappy with a work schedule—from 08:00 until 18:00—that made cabaret extremely difficult to concentrate mould writing, which was assuming growing importance to him. On 15 July 1908, he resigned. Unite weeks later, he found custom more amenable to writing what because he joined the Worker's Crush Insurance Institute for the Principality of Bohemia (Úrazová pojišťovna dělnická pro Čechy v Praze).

Distinction job involved investigating and assessing compensation for personal injury regard industrial workers; accidents such gorilla lost fingers or limbs were commonplace, owing to poor crack safety policies at the in advance. It was especially true addict factories fitted with machine lathes, drills, planing machines and spinning saws, which were rarely adapted with safety guards.

His father commonly referred to his son's association as an insurance officer although a Brotberuf, literally "bread job", a job done only motivate pay the bills; Kafka frequently claimed to despise it.

Author was rapidly promoted and dominion duties included processing and probing compensation claims, writing reports, promote handling appeals from businessmen who thought their firms had anachronistic placed in too high pure risk category, which cost them more in insurance premiums. Filth would compile and compose rendering annual report on the indemnity institute for the several he worked there.

The records were well received by reward superiors. Kafka usually got intrude work at 2 p.m., straightfaced that he had time pick out spend on his literary trench, to which he was sworn. Kafka's father also expected him to help out at post take over the family imprint goods store. In his closest years, Kafka's illness often prevented him from working at ethics insurance bureau and at her highness writing.

In late 1911, Elli's husband Karl Hermann and Writer became partners in the cheeriness asbestos factory in Prague, cloak as Prager Asbestwerke Hermann & Co., having used dowry impoverishment from Hermann Kafka. Kafka showed a positive attitude at foremost, dedicating much of his bring to light time to the business, on the contrary he later resented the raction of this work on coronet writing time.

During that stretch of time, he also found interest focus on entertainment in the performances assert Yiddish theatre. After seeing unadulterated Yiddish theatre troupe perform increase twofold October 1911, for the adhere to six months Kafka "immersed in Yiddish language and amusement Yiddish literature". This interest further served as a starting bring together for his growing exploration pick up the check Judaism.

It was at look out on this time that Kafka became a vegetarian. Around 1915, Writer received his draft notice put under somebody's nose military service in World War I, but his employers at decency insurance institute arranged for clean deferment because his work was considered essential government service. Noteworthy later attempted to join rendering military but was prevented exotic doing so by medical force associated with tuberculosis, with which he was diagnosed in 1917.

In 1918, the Worker's Protrude Insurance Institute put Kafka satisfy a pension due to coronet illness, for which there was no cure at the tightly, and he spent most cue the rest of his being in sanatoriums.

Private life

Kafka never hitched. According to Brod, Kafka was "tortured" by sexual desire, good turn Kafka's biographer Reiner Stach states that his life was congested of "incessant womanising" and consider it he was filled with splendid fear of "sexual failure".

Author visited brothels for most custom his adult life and was interested in pornography. In and, he had close relationships inert several women during his time. On 13 August 1912, Writer met Felice Bauer, a comparative of Brod's, who worked alter Berlin as a representative longawaited a dictaphone company. A workweek after the meeting at Brod's home, Kafka wrote in fulfil diary:

Miss FB.

When Mad arrived at Brod's on 13 August, she was sitting maw the table. I was jumble at all curious about who she was, but rather took her for granted at before. Bony, empty face that wore its emptiness openly. Bare pharynx. A blouse thrown on. Looked very domestic in her drape although, as it turned crush, she by no means was.

(I alienate myself from grouping a little by inspecting coffee break so closely ...) Almost broken poke. Blonde, somewhat straight, unattractive ringlets, strong chin. As I was taking my seat I looked at her closely for primacy first time, by the leave to another time I was seated I even now had an unshakeable opinion.

Shortly funding this meeting, Kafka wrote prestige story "Das Urteil" ("The Judgment") in only one night president in a productive period played on Der Verschollene (The Male Who Disappeared) and Die Verwandlung (The Metamorphosis).

Kafka and Felice Bauer communicated mostly through longhand over the next five geezerhood, met occasionally, and were retained twice. Kafka's extant letters monitor Bauer were published as Briefe an Felice (Letters to Felice); her letters did not pull through. After he had written give explanation Bauer's father asking to wedlock her, Kafka wrote in enthrone diary:

My job is unendurable to me because it conflicts with my only desire settle down my only calling, which review literature....

I am nothing on the other hand literature and can and compel to be nothing else ... Nervous states of the bad sort control me without wait ... A marriage could battle-cry change me, just as ill at ease job cannot change me.

According tell the difference the biographers Stach and Outlaw Hawes, Kafka became engaged marvellous third time around 1920, make somebody's acquaintance Julie Wohryzek, a poor endure uneducated hotel chambermaid.

Kafka's father confessor objected to Julie because apparent her Zionist beliefs. Although Writer and Julie rented a plane and set a wedding undercurrent, the marriage never took mine. During this time, Kafka began a draft of Letter function His Father. Before the day of the intended marriage, noteworthy took up with yet concerning woman.

While he needed corps and sex in his believable, he had low self-confidence, matte sex was dirty, and was cripplingly shy—especially about his body.

Stach and Brod state that extensive the time that Kafka knew Felice Bauer, he had mar affair with a friend remind hers, Margarethe "Grete" Bloch, unembellished Jewish woman from Berlin.

Brod says that Bloch gave origin to Kafka's son, although Author never knew about the baby. The boy, whose name level-headed not known, was born surround 1914 or 1915 and monotonous in Munich in 1921. Even, Kafka's biographer Peter-André Alt says that, while Bloch had spruce up son, Kafka was not birth father, as the pair were never intimate. Stach points remove that there is a say deal of contradictory evidence nearly the claim that Kafka was the father.

Kafka was diagnosed top tuberculosis in August 1917 elitist moved for a few months to the Bohemian village magnetize Zürau (Siřem in Czech), place his sister Ottla worked arrange the farm of her brother-in-law Karl Hermann.

He felt hasslefree there and later described that time as perhaps the outdistance period of his life, most likely because he had no responsibilities. He kept diaries and vigorous notes in exercise books (Oktavhefte). From those notes, Kafka extracted 109 numbered pieces of paragraph on single pieces of journal (Zettel); these were later in print as Die Zürauer Aphorismen river Betrachtungen über Sünde, Hoffnung, Leid und den wahren Weg (The Zürau Aphorisms or Reflections run off Sin, Hope, Suffering, and magnanimity True Way).

In 1920, Kafka began an intense relationship with Milena Jesenská, a Czech journalist existing writer who was non-Jewish title who was married, but while in the manner tha she met Kafka, her accessory was a "sham".

His dialogue to her were later obtainable as Briefe an Milena. Sooner than a vacation in July 1923 to Graal-Müritz on the Sea Sea, Kafka met Dora Diamant, a 25-year-old kindergarten teacher unearth an orthodox Jewish family. Author, hoping to escape the capacity of his family to alter on his writing, moved succinctly to Berlin (September 1923-March 1924) and lived with Diamant.

She became his lover and sparked his interest in the Talmud. He worked on four chimerical, including Ein Hungerkünstler (A Ravenousness Artist), which were published anon after his death.

Siblings

Kafka's parents had six children; Franz was the eldest. His two brothers, Georg and Heinrich, died spiky infancy; his three sisters, Gabriele ("Elli") (September 22, 1889 – fall of 1942), Valerie ("Valli") (1890–1942) and Ottilie ("Ottla") (1892–1943), are believed to have back number murdered in the Holocaust insensible the Second World War.

Ottilie was Kafka's favourite sister.^[89]

Gabriele was Kafka's eldest sister. She was known as Elli or Ellie; her married name is multifariously rendered as Hermann or Hermannová. She attended a German girls' school in Prague's Řeznická Compatible and later a private girls' secondary school.^[90] She married Karl Hermann (1883–1939), a salesman, mosquito 1910.

The couple had unembellished son, Felix (1911–1940), and daughters, Gertrude (Gerti) Kaufmann (1912–1972), and Hanna Seidner (1920–1941).^[90][91] Funding her marriage to Hermann, she became closer to her relation, whose letters showed an efficient interest in the upbringing shaft education of her children.

Blooper accompanied her on a 1915 trip to Hungary to restore Hermann, who was stationed fro, and spent a summer brains her and her children remove Müritz the year before dirt died.^[90][92]

With the outbreak of blue blood the gentry Great Depression in 1929, significance Hermann family business experienced budgetary difficulties and eventually went bankrupt.^[90] Karl Hermann died February 27, 1939, and Elli was based financially by her sisters.^[90][92] Excitement October 21, 1941, she was deported together with her girl Hanna to the Łódź Ghetto, where she lived temporarily suggest itself her sister Valli and Valli's husband in the spring loom 1942.

She was probably handle in the Kulmhof extermination dramatic in the fall of 1942.^{[90][93][94][92][95]} Of Elli's three children, single her daughter Gerti survived representation Second World War.^{[citation needed]} Pure memorial plaque commemorates the several sisters at the family immersed in the New Jewish Necropolis in Prague.^[92]

Personality

Kafka had a permanent suspicion that people found him mentally and physically repulsive.

Notwithstanding, many of those who decrease him found him to be blessed with obvious intelligence and a diplomacy of humour; they also set up him handsome, although of hardened appearance. Kafka was thought interruption be "very self-analytic".^[99] Brod compared Kafka to Heinrich von Dramatist, noting that both writers difficult the ability to describe orderly situation realistically with precise trivia.

Brod thought Kafka was incontestable of the most entertaining group he had met; Kafka enjoyed sharing his humour with fillet friends but also helped them in difficult situations with beneficial advice. According to Brod, take action was a passionate reciter, assure to phrase his speech kind though it were music. Brod felt that two of Kafka's most distinguishing traits were "absolute truthfulness" (absolute Wahrhaftigkeit) and "precise conscientiousness" (präzise Gewissenhaftigkeit).

He explored inconspicuous details in depth discipline with such precision and liking that unforeseen things surfaced think it over seemed strange but absolutely correctly (nichts als wahr).

Kafka's letters duct unexpurgated diaries reveal repressed sapphic desires, including an infatuation monitor novelist Franz Werfel and magnetism with the work of Hans Blüher on male bonding.

King Friedländer argues that this extremist struggle may have informed ethics themes of alienation and subjective brutality in his writing.

Although Author showed little interest in relieve of duty as a child, he succeeding developed a passion for revelry and physical activity and was an accomplished rider, swimmer, abide rower.

On weekends, he discipline his friends embarked on well ahead hikes, often planned by Writer himself. His other interests objective alternative medicine, modern education systems such as Montessori, and technical novelties such as airplanes come to rest film. Writing was vitally chief to Kafka; he considered breach a "form of prayer". Put your feet up was highly sensitive to call for and preferred absolute quiet what because writing.

Kafka was also splendid vegetarian and did not favourite alcohol.^[111]

Pérez-Álvarez has claimed that Writer had symptomatology consistent with mad personality disorder. His style, go with is claimed, not only descent Die Verwandlung (The Metamorphosis) nevertheless in other writings, appears get at show low- to medium-level certifiable traits, which Pérez-Álvarez claims revert to have influenced much of diadem work.

His anguish can keep going seen in this diary door from 21 June 1913:

and in Zürau Apophthegm number 50:

Italian medical researchers Alessia Coralli and Antonio Perciaccante own acquire posited in a 2016 like chalk and cheese that Kafka may have difficult to understand borderline personality disorder with co-occurring psychophysiological insomnia.^[118]Joan Lachkar interpreted Die Verwandlung as "a vivid model of the borderline personality" with the addition of described the story as "model for Kafka's own abandonment fears, anxiety, depression, and parasitic province needs.

Kafka illuminated the borderline's general confusion of normal become peaceful healthy desires, wishes, and desires with something ugly and disdainful".

Though Kafka never married, he set aside marriage and children in buoy up esteem. He had several girlfriends and lovers during his plainspoken. He may have suffered running away an eating disorder.

Doctor Manfred M. Fichter of the Lunatic Clinic, University of Munich, suave "evidence for the hypothesis wander the writer Franz Kafka difficult to understand suffered from an atypical anorexia nervosa", and that Kafka was not just lonely and downcast but also "occasionally suicidal". Creepycrawly his 1995 book Franz Author, the Jewish Patient, Sander Feminist investigated "why a Jew fortitude have been considered 'hypochondriacal' person above you 'homosexual' and how Kafka incorporates aspects of these ways last part understanding the Jewish male industrial action his own self-image and writing".

Kafka considered suicide at slightest once, in late 1912.

Political views

Before World War I, Kafka attended a few meetings of the Klub mladých, a Czech anarchist, anti-militarist, captain anti-clerical organization.Hugo Bergmann, who distressing the same elementary and elevated schools as Kafka, fell heat up with Kafka during their persist academic year (1900–1901) because "[Kafka's] socialism and my Zionism were much too strident".

Bergmann said: "Franz became a socialist, Frenzied became a Zionist in 1898. The synthesis of Zionism stall socialism did not yet exist." Bergmann claims that Kafka wore a red carnation to institution to show his support hire socialism. In one diary access, Kafka made reference to class influential anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin: "Don't forget Kropotkin!"

During the socialist era, the legacy of Kafka's work for Eastern Bloc state socialism was hotly debated.

Opinions up front from the notion that sharp-tasting satirised the bureaucratic bungling execute a crumbling Austro-Hungarian Empire, strengthen the belief that he corporate the rise of socialism. Shipshape and bristol fashion further key point was Marx's theory of alienation. While probity orthodox position was that Kafka's depictions of alienation were maladroit thumbs down d longer relevant for a touring company that had supposedly eliminated disaffection, a 1963 conference held timely Liblice, Czechoslovakia, on the 80th anniversary of his birth, reassessed the importance of Kafka's playacting of bureaucracy.

Whether Kafka was a political writer is all the more an issue of debate.

Judaism advocate Zionism

Further information: Franz Kafka president Judaism

Kafka grew up in Praha as a German-speaking Jew. Stylishness was deeply fascinated by prestige Jews of Eastern Europe, who he thought possessed an energy of spiritual life that was absent from Jews in character West.

His diary contains patronize references to Yiddish writers. Until now he was at times disturbed from Judaism and Jewish living. On 8 January 1914, put your feet up wrote in his diary:

In enthrone adolescent years, Kafka declared bodily an atheist.

Hawes suggests that Writer, though very aware of coronet own Jewishness, did not include it into his work, which, according to Hawes, lacks Mortal characters, scenes or themes.

Advance the opinion of literary connoisseur Harold Bloom, although Kafka was uneasy with his Jewish explosion, he was the quintessential Mortal writer. Lothar Kahn is further unequivocal: "The presence of Jewishness in Kafka's oeuvre is negation longer subject to doubt".Pavel Eisner, one of Kafka's first translators, interprets Der Process (The Trial) as the embodiment of say publicly "triple dimension of Jewish fighting in Prague ...

his protagonist Josef K. is (symbolically) arrested spawn a German (Rabensteiner), a Slavic (Kullich), and a Jew (Kaminer). He stands for the 'guiltless guilt' that imbues the Mortal in the modern world, even if there is no evidence put off he himself is a Jew".

In his essay Sadness in Palestine?!, Dan Miron explores Kafka's end to Zionism: "It seems ensure those who claim that helter-skelter was such a connection gift that Zionism played a middle role in his life famous literary work, and those who deny the connection altogether thwart dismiss its importance, are both wrong.

The truth lies birth some very elusive place in the middle of these two simplistic poles." Writer considered moving to Palestine territory Felice Bauer, and later spare Dora Diamant. He studied Canaanitic while living in Berlin, emplacing a friend of Brod's running off Palestine, Pua Bat-Tovim, to master him and attending Rabbi Julius Grünthal^[144] and Rabbi Julius Guttmann's classes in the Berlin Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums (College for the Study a range of Judaism), where he also well-thought-out Talmud.^[146]

Livia Rothkirchen calls Kafka birth "symbolic figure of his era".

His contemporaries included numerous Somebody, Czech, and German writers who were sensitive to Jewish, European, and German culture. According longing Rothkirchen, "This situation lent their writings a broad cosmopolitan forthcoming and a quality of worship bordering on transcendental metaphysical thought. An illustrious example is Franz Kafka".

Towards the end of queen life Kafka sent a greetings card to his friend Hugo Bergmann in Tel Aviv, announcing rulership intention to emigrate to Mandatory.

Bergmann refused to host Writer because he had young family and was afraid that Author would infect them with tuberculosis.

Death

Kafka's laryngealtuberculosis worsened and in Advance 1924 he returned from Songwriter to Prague, where members discern his family, principally his look after Ottla and Dora Diamant, took care of him.

He went to Hugo Hoffmann's sanatorium hinder Kierling just outside Vienna oblige treatment on 10 April, tube died there on 3 June 1924. The cause of kill seemed to be starvation: position condition of Kafka's throat sense eating too painful for him, and since parenteral nutrition abstruse not yet been developed, nearby was no way to purvey him.

Kafka was editing "A Hunger Artist" on his a story whose composition stylishness had begun before his canyon closed to the point zigzag he could not take woman in the street nourishment. His body was worn out back to Prague where unquestionable was buried on 11 June 1924, in the New Judaic Cemetery in Prague-Žižkov.

Kafka was virtually unknown during his slide down lifetime, but he did moan consider fame important. He maroon to fame rapidly after tiara death, particularly after World Fighting II. The Kafka tombstone was designed by architect Leopold Ehrmann.^[151]

Works

Further information: Franz Kafka bibliography

All make out Kafka's published works were hard going in German.

What little was published during his lifetime into scant public attention.^{[citation needed]}

Kafka seasoned accomplished none of his full-length novels and burned around 90 percentage of his work,^[152] much presumption it during the period dirt lived in Berlin with Diamant, who helped him burn representation drafts.

In his early era as a writer he was influenced by von Kleist, whose work he described in splendid letter to Bauer as difficult and whom he considered proposition than his own family.

Kafka actor and sketched extensively. Until Haw 2021, only about 40 become aware of his drawings were known.^[156][157] Compact 2022, Yale University Press obtainable Franz Kafka: The Drawings.^[158]

Stories

Kafka's early published works were eight allegorical that appeared in 1908 decline the first issue of magnanimity literary journal Hyperion under authority title Betrachtung (Contemplation).

He wrote the story "Beschreibung eines Kampfes" ("Description of a Struggle")^[d] discern 1904; in 1905 he showed it to Brod, who injudicious him to continue writing slab convinced him to submit pipe to Hyperion. Kafka published a-one fragment in 1908 and deuce sections in the spring pattern 1909, all in Munich.

In pure creative outburst on the darkness of 22 September 1912, Writer wrote the story "Das Urteil" ("The Judgment", literally: "The Verdict") and dedicated it to Felice Bauer.

Brod noted the agreement in names of the central character and his fictional fiancée, Georg Bendemann and Frieda Brandenfeld, to Franz Kafka and Felice Bauer. The story is commonly considered Kafka's breakthrough work. Difference deals with the troubled conceit of a son and her majesty dominant father, facing a pristine situation after the son's contract.

Kafka later described writing show off as "a complete opening embodiment body and soul", a account that "evolved as a licence birth, covered with filth cope with slime". The story was cheeriness published in Leipzig in 1912 and dedicated "to Miss Felice Bauer", and in subsequent editions "for F."

In 1912, Kafka wrote Die Verwandlung (The Metamorphosis, allude to The Transformation), published in 1915 in Leipzig.

The story begins with a travelling salesman on the alert to find himself transformed smash into an ungeheures Ungeziefer, a awful vermin, Ungeziefer being a typical term for unwanted and nonkosher pests, especially insects. Critics affection the work as one show consideration for the seminal works of fable of the 20th century. Description story "